Composites Used In Aircraft Structure Engineering Essay

Composites Used In Aircraft Structure Engineering Essay This report investigates the employments of composites in present day airplanes and researches the specialized impacts of applying composites to airplanes. What's more, this report additionally assesses the future utilization of composites in aeronautic trade. Foundation Composites are characterized as built materials produced using at least two constituent materials with essentially unique physical or synthetic properties those stay independent and unmistakable on a perceptible level inside the completed structure. (Definition, 2010) The American Heritage Dictionary (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1981) approaches, with a perplexing material, for example, wood or fiber glass, in which at least two integral substances, particularly metals, earthenware production, glasses, and polymers, join to deliver some basic or practical properties not present in any individual segment. The issue with even a decent definition, obviously, is that it is sweeping, so every material known to man could in some sense be characterized as a composite. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Composites are first presented after accident instances of airplanes because of metal weariness during the 1950s. Furthermore, from that point forward the utilization of composites in airplanes increments exponentially after some time. Technique for Investigation Data is acquired online as digital books, news stories and modern reports. Moreover, significant book from SP library had been utilized in this report. Extent of Investigation This report investigates the historical backdrop of composites. Moreover, this report additionally investigates the sorts of composites utilized in airplane structure, for instance carbon fiber, fiberglass and Kevlar㠢„â ¢ aramid, just as manufacture of the carbon fiber. Moreover, this report talks about the specialized impacts and utilizations of composites in airplane structure. Composites later on, for example, self-fixing composites and shape memory composites are likewise talked about in this report. History of Composites Composites were presented during the 1950s and 1960s, fiber-strengthened plastic, was acquainted with substitute the use of duralumin in the structure of airplanes. Before composites were presented, essential structure of airplanes was made to a great extent of aluminum amalgam. Duralumin, a kind of aluminum amalgam, was generally utilized in airplanes essential structure because of its high solidarity to weight proportion and great durability. Moreover, great erosion obstruction of duralumin makes it so reasonable to be utilized under unforgiving condition. Be that as it may, in 1950s, a completely stacked De Havilland Comet fly aircraft slammed because of metal exhaustion. This offered ascend to request of materials reasonable for airplanes essential structure with high weariness opposition. English researcher, Norman de Bruline, was the first to propose the utilization of composite materials in airplanes structures. At that point, an ever increasing number of composites were acquainted with suit certain prerequisite of properties of airplanes structure. Present day filaments, for example, carbon-fortified strands, Kevlar㠢„â ¢ aramid, glass-strengthened strands and boron filaments, are the stiffest and most grounded materials known. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Present day Composites Composites are notable for their ideal properties, for example, high solidarity to weight proportion, high firmness, extremely high anxiety, high weariness obstruction and great erosion opposition. A portion of the broadly utilized composites in airplane structures will be examined beneath. In like manner, all composites are made of moderately powerless holding of overlay of materials. Consequently, center in composite cover is acquainted with increment the covers solidness by adequately thickening it with a low-thickness center material. This can give a sensational increment in firmness for next to no extra weight, where lightweight ramifications is so essential for airplane structure. For instance, utilization of honeycomb center gives more grounded sway protection from composite overlays. With its empty cells, it gives great vitality assimilation and sound hosing impact to the overlays. Types There are numerous sorts of composites presently utilized in airplane structure. In any case, in this part just carbon fiber, fiberglass and Kevlar㠢„â ¢ aramid will be talked about. Carbon Fiber Carbon or graphite fiber is fundamentally fiber that contains over 90% of carbon. Carbon strands are perfect for lightweight fortification, just as high quality, high firmness application in airplanes structure, because of its one of a kind mixes of properties. Elite carbon filaments are accessible in a scope of properties, item structures, and costs. The greater part of the Carbon Fibers are produced using natural polymers, with chains of carbons associated with one another, for example, polyacrylonitrile (PAN). (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Fiberglass Fiberglass is a fortifying material that is generally utilized in airplane structure. Over 70% of the fortification of thermosetting saps is made of fiberglass. When all is said in done, the more drawn out the filaments, the more noteworthy the quality of the strands is. What's more, ceaseless filaments are the most grounded among all. Glass doesn't consume, and at high temperature glass holds its mechanical properties, up to 50 percent of its quality at 700 °F. Besides, glass has magnificent dampness obstruction contrasted with metals. Consequently, it is appropriate for application on airplane structures. Lime-alumina-borosilicate glass, or E glass, was the main glass grew explicitly for constant strands creation. It is intended for electrical applications, with its great versatility and high adequacy in procedures and items, going from brightening to auxiliary applications in airplanes. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Kevlar㠢„â ¢ Aramid Kevlar㠢„â ¢ aramid, presented monetarily during the 1970s, is a fragrant long-chain polyamide polymer delivered by turning utilizing standard material strategies. It was acquainted with supplant steel in dashing tires. Kevlar㠢„â ¢ aramid is notable for its high rigidity, low thickness and great effect opposition with about a large portion of the firmness of graphite structure. These properties offer a superior decision for materials utilized in airplane structures. For instance, Kevlar㠢„â ¢ 49 aramid fiber is broadly utilized as support for plastic composites in aviation, marine, car, and other mechanical applications. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Creation All in all, the strengthening and grid materials are joined, compacted and handled to experience a merging occasion. In this part, manufacture of carbon fiber will be talked about in subtleties. Figure 1 beneath represents the short procedure of creation of carbon fiber, from its forerunner structure to the fiber. Figure 1 Fabrication Of Carbon Fiber (Flow Chart, 2010) Right off the bat, acrylonitrile, CH2CHCN, a synthetic compound got from propylene and alkali, is blended in with another plastic in powder structure, and is then responded with an impetus in an answer polymerization process. In results, a polymer is shaped. From that point onward, the polymer is put under turning procedure to frame the inward nuclear structure of the fiber. This procedure is finished by warming up the blend and siphon through minuscule planes into a chamber where the solvents dissipate. The polymer is then washed and extended to adjust the atoms inside the fiber. This total procedure is called extending. The last item after this procedure is known as antecedent. Next, the filaments will experience oxidation process. The strands are warmed in air to around 200 to 300 °C for 30 to 120 minutes, to change over the direct nuclear clinging to stepping stool holding. This is to set up an all the more thermally stable holding of strands. After the filaments are balanced out, they are warmed again to 1000 to 3000 °C for a few minutes in a heater. This must be done in dormant condition to keep strands from igniting with nearness of oxygen gas. As the filaments are warmed, they begin to lose their carbon iotas just as non-carbon particles while the rest of the carbon molecules will shape a firmly reinforced carbon precious stones that are adjusted practically corresponding to the longitudinal hub of the strands. This procedure is known as carbonization. In certain procedures, two heaters are working in two distinct temperatures to give a superior control of warming rate. Ultimately, the strands will experience surface medicines, for example, oxidation to give better holding properties, covering to shield filaments from outside harm. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Specialized Effects By and large, composites are predominant in exhaustion opposition, erosion obstruction, and high solidarity to-weight proportion. These properties give composite airplanes better eco-friendliness just as better burden limit, when contrasted with the metal compound partners. Likewise, composites configuration offers lower upkeep cost contrasted with that of metal compound structure. Composite parts are fabricated all in all, contrasted with metal parts are produced as sheet metals and are associated by methods for clasp, the previous incredibly diminish upkeep cost by streamlining support system. Figure 2 underneath shows the fuselage barrel area being made in one piece, without the necessities of latches. Figure 2 Boeing 787 DreamLiner Fuselage (Composites Material, 2004) Be that as it may, composites are not as all-powerful as they have been told. For example, most composite materials are poor in electric conductivity and such, making them be increasingly helpless to harm because of lightning strikes. Contrasted with metal compound airframes, composite partners require additional method so as to deal with the electric charge from the lightning just as static charge from grating when flying. Besides, in contrast to metals, composites break without sign or physical admonition. Contrasted with aluminum amalgam, composites don't twist when exposed to affect however break once they neglect to withstand the heap. Applications Composites are presently utilized generally in airplane business. Essential struc

The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde Essay Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest is about a youngster who has a twofold existence, in at whatever point he needs to get away from the truth, alongside his commitments and genuine dealings. The story isn't just about the life of the youngster, Jack, otherwise called Ernest, yet it is additionally about taking life in an increasingly genuine manner. So as to do as such, Oscar Wilde has changed or improved the pieces of life that he has caricaturized in the story. One viewpoint which Wilde has transformed in the story was in the life of Jack/Ernest. He is depicted as an apparently capable and decent youngster. He is likewise wealthy, as he claims a nation domain. Yet, sooner or later in the story, it was discovered that Jack was a received kid, and that he was found in a purse by the train station. Jack’s past and his current life is amusing to the point that it adequately develops his character. It is both interesting and astounding that for a child who was as far as anyone knows took off alone in a train station would have the option to endure and be fruitful when he grows up. Jack have nearly everything that he wants, riches, notoriety among the individuals who know him, love in the individual of Gwendolen; so who might ever believe that an individual like him was received as he was deserted in the train station as a youngster? Oscar Wilde transformed Jack/Ernest character so as to make the story considerably more fascinating. Regardless of his fairly far-fetched past, he is presently a well off man, having a cheerful existence. On the off chance that his character wouldn’t be changed or improved, he wouldn’t be rich or alluring, after the way that he was a relinquished kid. The fascinating piece of the story however isn't his clothes to newfound wealth life; rather it was his twofold life that he leads, as Ernest. Another Wilde’s change to the character he was ridiculing was the point at which the issue of marriage was presented in the story. Jack Worthing is enamored with Gwendolen Fairfax, as is Gwendolen to Jack. In any case, the issue is that Gwendolen began to look all starry eyed at Jack due to her obsession to the name Ernest. Jack acquainted himself with Gwendolen as Ernest for her to adore him, however he despite everything needs to confront his concern, as Gwendolen means to wed just the man whose name is Ernest. Oscar Wilde transformed Jack’s character by really attempting to become Ernest: his adjust personality that he utilizes as a substitute to protect his ethical quality as Jack Worthing. For Jack, the name Ernest is his approach to keep a decent picture set up. By utilizing Ernest, Jack can get away from his reality, as he is limited by obligations and commitments, just as a notoriety he should secure. Ernest really furnishes Jack with a reason he helpfully utilizes at whatever point he needs to do things that he can do when he is under his genuine character. It is likewise his camouflage, as Jack needs to remain being viewed as upstanding and moral, and with Ernest as his veil, he can get rowdy. His character is changed when it was the ideal opportunity for him to settle on the decision: to be Ernest or be Jack. It was love that drove him to that choosing corner, as Gwendolen was clearly enamored with him being Ernest, and he isn't sure in the event that she would in any case love him on the off chance that he is Jack. At long last, Jack apologized to Gwendolen, which she comes back with pardoning, saying that she did so on the grounds that she is certain that Jack would switch to compensate for his slip-ups. The Importance of Being Earnest is Oscar Wilde’s method of ridiculing the general resistance for bad faith in the Victorian idea of profound quality, and this is appeared by the character Jack Worthing. He needs to follow with ideas of obligation, respect, and decency, yet he carries on with a twofold life, Ernest, fraudulently mocking those thoughts.

Essay Topics for College Students

Essay Topics for College StudentsAlthough there are some subjects that may be considered 'difficult' for college students, the number of topics for college essays written by college students is far greater than those topics. For example, there are so many different ways that people can express themselves through writing and essays. A college student is no different from anyone else when it comes to expressing their thoughts and ideas.However, the challenges faced by college students in writing college essays is that they are often unable to express their thoughts in a concise manner. Many times, they are limited by their ability to write and speak clearly. This makes it very difficult for them to express their thoughts in a clear and concise manner.The difficulties faced by college students in essay writing can make it difficult for a student to come up with topics that they will be comfortable expressing their thoughts on. In fact, one of the things that most students will do in ord er to come up with topics for college essays is to look for topics that are related to what they know best. Therefore, they may not be able to find a topic that will allow them to express their thoughts in a way that they are comfortable with.Although they may feel limited by the topic that they choose, they should not let this stop them from researching other subjects that may interest them. Instead, they should research these topics on their own. By doing this, they will be able to express their opinions and ideas in a more interesting and appealing way.Because of the fact that there are so many topics to choose from, a student will not have to worry about coming up with topics that are related to what they already know. On the other hand, if they only knew how many topics there were, they would not have to worry about having a boring essay. Although they may know a little bit about the subject matter, they should use whatever knowledge they do have in order to express their thoug hts in a more interesting and appealing way.Another thing that college students should keep in mind is that they will be required to give their opinions on many topics. Therefore, they should try to avoid stating their opinions on topics that they do not know anything about. However, in most cases, they should choose topics that they know something about.In addition, it is important for college students to understand that they need to be careful when writing about subjects that they do not know a lot about. They should only use their expertise in these areas. For example, if they write about ethics in health care, they should not forget to include their opinion in their writing.Lastly, college students should be sure to be clear and precise in their descriptions of their topics. They should use a specific and concrete format in order to help other readers understand their ideas. They should also be careful when using complex words in their writing.

`` Heart Land And The Rural South Exodus `` By Patrick...

Imagine walking down main street in a small town, you notice that there are many unique store in which you have never come across. After walking into countless stores you are starting to notice that they all have one thing in common. What possibly could all these diverse stores have in common, they all have a 12† by 10† sign with white lettering and red background saying Help Wanted. In â€Å" Heart Land and the Rural South Exodus† by Patrick Carr and Maria Kefalas, your able get the chance in knowing how much rural areas are in danger. In this paper I will argue that thriving small business are going to eventually be in danger persuaded by Carr and Kefalas of triple threat explained by Carr and Kefals, small business owners facing the†¦show more content†¦We need to be aware that by people leaving the rural areas the shops we love the most may not be there the next time we come back to that town. Comparing Buffalo’s downtown to where it is now t o 10 years ago, its looks completely different. Due to the small business being foreclosed, we are not turning into very healthy downtown. But the stores that we still have we need to take advantage of them because you never know how long they will be there for. Rural areas through the country are facing the triple threat, the biggest defeat that can ever happen. Triple threat consist of three of the biggest fears that any company, rural community would ever want to face. Carr and Kefalas persuade small business owners, farmers and ranchers, and communities, that they aren t the only ones facing the fear. â€Å" No one would deny that finding work in today’s countryside means facing a triple threat: a failing farm and factory-based economy, rising unemployment, and shrinking wages and benefit† ( Carr and Kefalas 21). As a citizen for rural area, I am noticing are town is slowly getting hit by the triple threat. Generation farms are having to shut down, due to the low f inical income that is coming. Each day goes by, there is a increases of â€Å" Help Wanted† signs being put into the windows of a small thriving business. Creating business to have to shut down earlier due to low employment, not being able to work long hours. Which in the long run creates a finical burden, due

Oliver Button Is a Sissy by Tomie dePaola

Oliver Button Is a Sissy, a childrens picture book written and illustrated by Tomie dePaola, is the story of a boy who stands up to bullies not by fighting, but by staying true to himself. The book is particularly recommended  for ages 4-8, but it has also been used successfully with upper elementary and middle school kids in conjunction with discussions about bullying. The Story of  Oliver Button Is a Sissy The story, based on the childhood experiences of Tomie dePaola, is a simple one. Oliver Button doesn’t like sports like the other boys do. He likes to read, draw pictures, dress up in costumes, and sing and dance. Even his father calls him a sissy and tells him to play ball. But Oliver isn’t good at sports and he isn’t interested. His mother tells him he needs to get some exercise, and when Oliver mentions he likes to dance, his parents enroll him in Ms. Leah’s Dancing School. His father says it is, Especially for the exercise. Oliver loves to dance and loves his shiny new tap shoes. However, it hurts his feelings when the other boys make fun of him. One day when he arrives at school, he sees that someone has written on the school wall, Oliver Button Is a sissy. Despite the teasing and bullying, Oliver continues dance lessons. In fact, he increases his practice time in hopes of winning the big talent show. When his teacher encourages the other students to attend and root for Oliver, the boys in his class whisper, Sissy! Although Oliver hopes to win and does not, both of his parents are very proud of his dancing ability. After losing the talent show, Oliver is reluctant to go back to school and be teased and bullied again. Imagine his surprise and delight when he walks into the schoolyard and discovers that someone has crossed out the word sissy on the school wall and added a new word. Now the sign reads, Oliver Button is a star! Author and Illustrator Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola is known for his childrens picture books and his chapter books. Hes the author and/or illustrator of more than 200 childrens books. These include Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland  and a number of books, including board books of Mother Goose rhymes, among many others. Book Recommendation Oliver Button Is a Sissy is a wonderful book. Since it was first published in 1979, parents and teachers have shared this picture book with children from four to fourteen. It helps children to get the message that its important for them to do what’s right for them despite teasing and  bullying. Children also begin to understand how important it is not to bully others for being different. Reading the book to your child is an excellent way to start a conversation about bullying. However, whats best about Oliver Button Is a Sissy is that it is a good story that engages childrens interest. It is well written, with wonderful complementary illustrations. It is highly recommended, particularly for kids ages 4-8, but also for elementary and middle school teachers to include in any discussion of bullies and bullying. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1979. ISBN: 9780156681407)

How Far Did the Position of African Americans Improve in...

How far did the position of Black Americans improve in the years 1945-1955? The position of Black Americans from 1945-1955 changed a lot throughout these years, and mainly for the better, particularly in social and economical areas. Although there were occasional setbacks in some areas, such as politically, overall their position was vastly improved. In this essay I’ll be discussing the different areas in which Black Americans improved their position in and some areas in which they continued to struggle in. Firstly the economic improvements made by Black Americans were hugely significant, many African Americans had exceptionally low paying farming jobs that barely supported a decent standard of living. However when The Second World†¦show more content†¦The report was called ‘To Secure These Rights’ and it revealed many problems that African Americans were facing and Truman strived to solve these problems. The report only really revealed what everyone already knew, that Black Americans were still not being treated as first class citizens but it was almost an unspoken thing that people didn’t bother to do anything about. Even though ‘To Secure These Rights’ set out suggestions for people to start putting into everyday life such as the police forces should start protecting black citizens, it just wasn’t going to work because they were all exceptionally racist and so set in their ways it was difficult to bring about proper change. Overall, Tr uman had the right mindset for wanting to challenge the segregation and racism that was going on at the time but he lacked funding and support from companies and fellow people, but he did help Black Americans progress forward to a less segregated and racist country. Another important event in the political side of things was the Brown Vs. Topeka case in 1954. The case was taken to the Supreme Court in 1952 and it was supported by the NAACP. 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Some customers bought Frappuccino ® blended coffee drinks, which Starbucks had invented a year earlier. â€Å"We had been warned that, culturally, the Japanese refuse to carry to-go food or beverages on the street,† Schultz recalled. â€Å"Yet many customers were walking outRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 PagesMarriage Act * 5.4  Bolivian criticism * 6  References * 7  External links | ------------------------------------------------- Health effects[edit] Since studies indicate soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in [the] American diet,[1]  most  nutritionists  advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown

Waiters on Call-Delivery Information Management- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWaiters on Call-Delivery Information Management System. Answer: System Design Introduction System design is a systematic way of defining the planning, unit, interfaces, and data for a system to meet particular requirements(Van Gigch 2013). It is the process of defining system elements and components to create a coherent and a desired system. System design may take different approaches when developing the system; the methodology can be that of bottom-up or top-down approach. The structure of the system should explain the functional, temporal, behavioral and specific desirable appearance as per the users need(Wasson 2015). Purpose and scope The purpose of the system will be to offer online order and delivery of food from restaurant to the customers. The system will keep the orders and delivery records for analysis and help the hoteliers make appropriate decisions pertaining to quantity and quality of food preparation and services. System constraints and assumptions The fact that the system will operate online makes it selective, some clients may not be in a position to be online to make an order. Another constraint is that, people who are far may not get the services in time. The assumption in the system is that, each of our customers will have internet access in order to make orders. Object oriented design This is the conceptual model that enables programmers ensure system development is flowing(Kopec 2014). In Object oriented design phase, there is system analysis and system architecture. System analysis helps in proper studying of activities in order to identify procedures for achieving efficient operations. System architecture on the other hand defines the behavior and structure of the system. System analysis Waiters on Call Meal-Delivery system will encompass the privacy of the customers order, responding to all orders, protection of the customers information and residences and generation of weekly report to the restaurants for good decision making. Once a customer has placed an order, the system administrator will confirm the order to the customer and then direct the order to the restaurants for packaging, after packaging, the driver will ferry the food to the specified residences. Orders made in the system will be served on the basis of the near the destination the first to be served. System architecture When an inappropriate order is made in the system, the system administrator will respond to the customer appropriately, if the order is made by more than one customer from diverse localities, then the administrator will advise the restaurants to start offering the afore-ordered food. The system will be designed so that, frequent customers create an account in the system so that they are served on discounted rates. Database, controls and security A database is a collection of information organized for easy and efficient access, update and management. Database security is vital in any organization and should be treated with utmost faith for better analysis and information confidentiality(Chandrashekhar 2015). Information in a database should be organized properly and can get expanded, updated or deleted with ease upon authentication. The system Waiters on Call-Delivery will have a database where bio data of customers and orders get stored. Information in the database captured from customers will include; name of the customer, identification number, age, location of the customer and the unique number assigned to the customer by the system. The unique number will be used on tracking the customers loyalty for possible application of discount rates on his/her orders. The database will be updated by the customer on basis of orders delivered and paid or unpaid orders. Once the week is over, this orders information in the database are emptied to the restaurants for analysis. On the issue of security of data stored, the system will allow database access only through password authentication. Systems implementation and acquisition System implementation is the procedure explaining how the system should be built and operationalized(Trafialek 2017). After completing developing the system; implementation stage comes in. when operationalizing waiters on Call-Delivery system, the system administrator will be trained on how to handle and store data in the system, how to update, delete or add functionalities to the system and ensuring confidentiality of customers orders. Users who previous used the manual orders will be called and get training on how to use the online system to give orders. The system will require a computer with internet access to run on. The system will require periodical maintenance in order to ensure smooth running of the system throughout. Project management Project management is the application of techniques, knowledge, skills and tools to projects activities in order to reach the project goal(Nicholas 2017). The management of the project Waiters on Call-Delivery system has been transformational and up to the task. Project management is essential especially on system development since coming up with a system needs directives and a consultation point. It is through proper project management that most projects achieve their purpose. The management of this project has been hierarchical with group leaders and departmental heads cooperating to give suggestions to the manager. Modeling Diagrams The modeling diagrams have been attached References Chandrashekhar, AM,AM,ASTARN, 2015, 'Analysis of Security Threats to Database Storage Systems', International Journal of Advanced research in data mining and Cloud computing, vol 3(5). Kopec, D, 2014, 'Object-Oriented Design', In Dart for Absolute Beginners, pp. pp. 147-167. Nicholas, JMASH, 2017, 'Project management for engineering business and technology', Taylor Francis. Trafialek, J,TJ,KWAKW, 2017, 'Implementation and functioning of HACCP principles in certified and non-certified food business: A preliminary study.', British Food Journal, vol 119(4), pp. pp. 710-728. Van Gigch, JP, 2013, System design modelling and metamodeling, Springer Science Business Media. Wasson, CS, 2015, System engineering analysis, design and development: Concepts, principles, and practices, John Wiley Sons. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA.

Visual Black Culture Essay Example For Students

Visual Black Culture Essay Discrimination against African Americans within the United States has been a recognised problem for decades. Many were forced into sub standard accommodation in areas of cities, which came to be known as ghettos during the first, half of the twentieth century. Within the ghettos the African American community became a segregated underclass. The poverty experienced by the black community was amplified by the discrimination in employment, the better jobs being reserved for white workers. More recently, during the 70s and 80s, campaigns have been set up to end the segregation of the black community. Although the majority of white community agrees with the principal of these campaigns, many still have problems with the practical implications. The result is that urban segregation in the United States is still a serious problem. In the early 80s the United States got pretty rich, young people were getting more successful and women were making it in business more than ever before. Changes like this were obviously being picked up on by the art world. New, or neo expressionism was beginning to appear and work to do with age, gender and ethnic background was becoming more and more popular. We will write a custom essay on Visual Black Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The art world imitated the financial world and started to charge huge prices for the work of big name artists. At this time not just artists were celebrities some gallery owners and dealers were getting as much praise such as Mary Boone. The most interesting thing to come out of the period was the way that work that was post-modern was becoming more recognised. That is at least from the point of view of the gallery. It is thought that the first writer in New York, if not the first to get noticed, was TAKI 183. He was called so as he lived on 183rd street and his real name was Dimitrius, the Greek name for which Taki is a nickname. His name appeared so regularly because he had a job as a messenger and this meant that he had to ride the subway a lot. So he wrote his name or tag on most of the trains and stations. This inspired a whole load of other kids to do the same and after an article in The New York Times hundreds of kids wanted their name on the subway cars as well. The effect was snowballing and tags were everywhere. Credit started to be given only to those who could tag somewhere that was hard to reach as a tag would stand alone rather than be crowded by others. Although most graffiti was seen in the seventies and eighties it did in fact start in the late sixties. New York kids started to write their names on the walls, doors and bins and anywhere else they could. Like TAKI 183 they did not use their real names, but instead used psudonomes. This meant that only a select few would know who they were. Graffiti was also used as territorial message amongst gangs who want to claim an area as their own. It only really became an art form when people had to develop their tags to stand out from those of the masses. The vandal was becoming an artist. Tags of peoples names were becoming logos. The lettering was played around with so it would become easily recognizable to other writers. After some time colour was added and as it was the size or the paintings grew. Style became as important as the words, which continued to grow until such masterpieces filled entire walls or train carriages. The top to bottom whole car is an entire carriage of a train painted from roof to wheels, including walls and doors. This is almost always the greatest achievement for a writer although some gangs or crews have completed whole trains. In the eighties graffiti swayed towards mainstream fine art but never went that far and stayed a culture rather than a genre. These days it is in every city in the world. A great deal of people do not understand the depth of what is behind graffiti. Although graffiti is relatively young in most peoples eyes, it is really no different from cave man paintings. These were made on the walls of the caves using blood or ash. These works were of events that were relevant to their times. The Romans painted frescos on whole walls as a source of decoration. Monks in Italy left writings on walls for other monks. Calligraphy and the over usage of serifs in the script hid these secret messages. This meant that the general population if they could read at all would not understand these messages. These monks had created a beautiful, yet difficult to understand, style of writing. Words becoming art, This may sound familiar. Wildstyle is extremely similar, in that it is rare for a non-writer, or at least somebody who is not into the scene, to be able to read a well put together piece done in wildstyle. The highly evolved and complex wildstyle, energetic interlocking construction of letters and arrows and other forms that signify movement and direction . .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a , .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .postImageUrl , .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a , .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:hover , .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:visited , .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:active { border:0!important; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:active , .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue738b7fe012c823319052d324ee20e4a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pop Culture EssayNot all writers enjoy wildstyle writing, as it can be very hard to read. Strangely enough that is the reason it is loved by others. It is like a code that only they understand, like being part of secret club. Older artists would often take a new writer or toy under their wing. The new apprentice would get to do jobs like filling in blocks of colour, or even just stand as a look out. In return they would be taught new skills and different styles of lettering. They would also get to tag below the piece, which would give them credit with fellow young writers. Some say you can not just learn wildstyle in the same way a musician must learn to read music before they can use there own improvisation. According to Dez, there is no easy way to learn the complicated wildstyle and no substitute for time, when you first start up and a writer gives you a style, it aint easy to do it, so it be better to start from throw ups to straight letter to semi-wildstyle to wildstyle, then you can do anything you want after that. Rather than try to make you first piece a burner and it looks wak, just work your way up the trains aint goin nowhere' . Sometimes small wars break out between writers when two or more artists will strive to be the best on a particular train line. Whoever gets his or her name up on the trains the most will win the territory. A writer who is up that much is known as a king of that train line. It is better and more respected by other artists to get your name up on train carriages all over the line and still maintain good quality and style. A true king though, must write all over a line. However good they may be in artistic skill if he only does a couple of great pieces they will be forgotten quickly if they are few in numbers. A king is a writer that everyone wants to write with or fight with . The writers dont use their real names. They make up names that are sometimes jokes or are insults to their enemies or the law. They can also have a name handed down to them from a writer who may want to retire, and has taught them their style. That way they get a good name and the old writer gets his name to conti nue to ride the train lines. To get more pieces of graffiti up writers would often unite and form crews of artists; crazy inside artistsCIA the public artistsTPA and the magnificent teamTMT. Although most of the members of such crews were closely linked together, many would belong to two or even more. This is why there are sometimes many initials on one piece of work. New younger writers would often write the initials of a crew that were highly respected amongst other writers on their own piece. If that crew found out that it had happened they would spray out their initials. Sometimes they would go over the whole piece, something that shows great disrespect. After graffiti had been around for a while the fine art world started to take interest in certain artists. These critics and artists could see the value of graffiti. Its expression had been noted, along with the fact that it was starting to grow out of its urban culture. It was time for graffiti to move into a gallery. Probably the most famous of writers to be accepted as a fine artist was Jean Michel Basquiat. He grew up in New York and got into street and subway graffiti at an early age. After high school he had no official art training, but he had a great interest in comic book, Egyptian and childrens art. By nineteen seventy-nine he had started to associate with fine artists and musicians, he also started to make paintings on canvasses. In nineteen eighty he was commissioned for a Times Square show. He painted a large wall in mixed media including spray cans. His work continued and he was loved by most of the art world. Some people said that he was primitive and at the same time genius. It was not long before the art establishment started to exploit him. This came at about the same time as his drug problems started to get dangerous. He died in nineteen eighty-eight of an overdose at the early age of twenty-seven. Jean Michel Basquiat was a great consumer whatever he encountered. He would simply swallow and then produce work, in respect to whatever the subject was. Whether it was graffiti or childrens drawings that he used he had a talent for including strangely diverse materials into his work. Basquiat would appropriate images from various areas into his work including things like friends childrens drawings, pictures from chemistry textbooks and elements from the bible. He used things like this as his visual language and arranged them in an eccentric way. Through his life and career he re-edited these symbols with reference to sex, black culture and t. v. Basquiat was very poetic his use of words was incompetant and yet genius at the same time. .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d , .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .postImageUrl , .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d , .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:hover , .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:visited , .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:active { border:0!important; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:active , .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59e8a347e5ffed361ab4eb4c39c4e89d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American And Nigerian Culture EssayThe issues within Basquiats work are based mainly around three things firstly, the conflict between life and death, secondly, the greed and stupidity of the art world and thirdly black issues concerning racism. There were times when he had lived on the streets, so it was not as though he painted about these subjects in vain. Even once he was famous, he was still treated with prejudice. Upon visiting Bloomingdales in New York with Andy Warhol, Basquiat intended to purchase a $3000 gift certificate for his mother. But when he took out his gold American express card he was asked for further identification. Even when he was with one of the worlds most famous artists, Basquiat was still treated with a mixture of racism and suspicion . Also, living on the streets of New York made him more aware of what it means to be alive and what it feels like to be faced with death. In his final self-portrait, Riding with Death, he is placed on a skeletal horse as a skeleton himself. its composition is strikingly similar to both a well known drawing by Leonardo da Vinci and, even more, to Julian Schnabels 1980 painting entitled Death also portrayed as a skeletal rider on a skeletal horse. The writings of Samo his alter ego were similar to the themes that he used in his later work; capitalism, morality, consumerism, racism and popular culture. All through his life he kept student like sketch books these were filled with his art and his verse. Four of these books were published in nineteen ninety three, after they were left at a friends house. In the works by Basquiat that include no text he used icons as irony rather than effect. Many say his real strength was style of composition, which is almost a visual equivalent of freestyle jazz. In that it is crazy but well put together. Basquiat drew like a child not to say that he was not a great artist but that he had the freedom of a child. He would use strokes with a brush without any hesitation or doubt. He would rarely work in silence, there would often be a TV in the room or there would be music playing. Either of the above would often filter into his work. Another of his skills was to absorb random sources and make them his own through his technique. In seventy eight he sold out exposing him and his friend Al Diez as Samo. He accepted one hundred dollars from a news paper for this but that was not the only thing he gained. His rise to fame had begun. Many of his early canvasses were similar to that of his Samo writings with some images as well. At this time Basqiat was also making small artifacts as wall as paintings, these included baseballs postcards and items of clothing adorned with his own logo manmade. After a while he had enough money to by decent materials and reference books. His awareness of art expanded and his usage of his visual language became more relevant. As first his work was warfare, attacking the art establishment disrespecting its values and rules. He did this by painting on walls in public places that were easily visible to anyone that cared to pass by. He made work for the fun gallery show; this was still blatantly rejecting the white governed art world. This did not stop though, even when he became hugely popular his passion was still motivated by this conflict. Its said that you can only be the best some of the time this was true of Basquiat. When he was working well he would over produce, leaving gaps where his work would not be as strong as it once was. Through his work there spanned a theme of found objects, often wooden things like doors, boxes or easels. Basquiat said on a few occasions that being celebrity was more important to him than the skill and technique of his art. Though he was greatly talented his work did at times become repetitive. He could not edit himself and in a time of such consumerism no one else would do it for him. It would only mean less money for them. His place in art history is constantly under great debate. The argument of whether or not his work was primitive genius or simply fluke will continue. But he is seen as an art hero by many of the young and that is where the future of art lies.

Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD)

Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) Carbonate Compensation Depth, abbreviated as CCD, refers to the specific depth of the ocean at which calcium carbonate minerals dissolve in the water quicker than they can accumulate. The bottom of the sea is covered with fine-grained sediment made of several different ingredients. You can find mineral particles from land and outer space, particles from hydrothermal black smokers and the remains of microscopic living organisms, otherwise known as plankton. Plankton are plants and animals so small that they float their whole lives until they die. Many plankton species build shells for themselves by chemically extracting mineral material,  either calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica (SiO2),  from the seawater. Carbonate compensation depth, of course, only refers to the former; more on silica later.   When CaCO3-shelled  organisms die, their skeletal remains begin sinking towards the bottom of the ocean. This creates a calcareous ooze that can,  under pressure from the overlying water, form limestone or chalk.  Not everything that sinks in the sea reaches the bottom, however, because the chemistry of ocean water changes with depth.   Surface water, where most plankton live, is safe for shells made from calcium carbonate, whether that compound takes the form of calcite or aragonite. These minerals are almost insoluble there. But the deep water is colder and under high pressure, and both of these physical factors increase the waters power to dissolve CaCO3. More important than these is a chemical factor, the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the water. Deep water collects CO2 because its made by deep-sea creatures, from bacteria to fish, as they eat the falling bodies of plankton and use them for food. High CO2 levels make the water more acidic. The depth where all three of these effects show their might, where CaCO3 starts to dissolve rapidly, is called the lysocline. As you go down through this depth, seafloor mud starts to lose its CaCO3 content- it is less and less calcareous. The depth at which CaCO3 completely disappears, where its sedimentation is equaled by its dissolution, is the compensation depth. A few details here: calcite resists dissolution a little better than aragonite, so the compensation depths are slightly different for the two minerals. As far as geology goes, the important thing is that CaCO3 disappears, so the deeper of the two, calcite compensation depth or CCD, is the significant one. CCD can sometimes mean carbonate compensation depth or even calcium carbonate compensation depth, but calcite is usually the safer choice on a final exam. Some studies do focus on aragonite, though, and they may use the abbreviation ACD for aragonite compensation depth. In todays oceans, the CCD is between 4 and 5 kilometers deep. It is deeper in places where new water from the surface can flush away the CO2-rich deep water, and shallower where lots of dead plankton build up the CO2. What it means for geology is that the presence or absence of CaCO3 in a rock- the degree to which it can be called limestone- can tell you something about where it spent its time as a sediment. Or conversely, the rises and falls in CaCO3 content as you go up or down section in a rock sequence can tell you something about changes in the ocean in the geologic past. We mentioned silica earlier, the other material that plankton use for their shells. There is no compensation depth for silica, although silica does dissolve to some extent with water depth. Silica-rich seafloor mud is what turns into chert. There are rarer plankton species that make their shells of celestite, or strontium sulfate (SrSO4). That mineral always dissolves immediately upon the death of the organism.

The Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism Essay

The Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism - Essay Example Ethical values must be incorporated to information technology to make the photos more realistic. Identification of ethical issues of Impact of Information Technology on Photojournalism. Kenny Irby stated that photo journalism is the craft of employing photographic storytelling to document life (Quinn 2005). Jeremy Iggers states â€Å"Journalism's conversation about ethics has not changed all that much since the 1920s, but in the past decade, journalism itself has changed dramatically. The Cultural Revolution currently underway in America's newsrooms is making journalism's ethical conversation increasingly irrelevant (p. 75)†. A visiting French journalist toured the United States in the 1980s and commented that the wide variance between ethics talk and the practice of journalism led him to suspect that "ethics was implemented partly as a remedial procedure, partly as a public relations act, and partly as a way of escape goating the journalists, transferring onto the journalists’ all the blame for the media's negative actions. Generally, during the current century, the formal requirements for a meaningful discussion about the delicate topic of ethics hav e been set into motion. In theory, the journalists were professionals with a high degree of self- autonomy, and the newspaper had been formally pledged implement a job of public service. What may be ethically influential about the most recent changes in the print industry is that these entities of autonomy and accountability are systematically being disbanded. The changes incorporate the introduction of new technology that lessens the level of skill needed of the company press workers. Nicholas Burbules (2000) theorized â€Å"From recent popular films such as ‘The Net’ or ‘Enemy of the State,’ to countless news features in the media, there is a growing sense of awareness of the vast implications of digital technologies for traditional assumptions about privacy. The volume of information that is instantly recorded whenever one uses a credit card, travels the Internet, visits a hospital or pharmacy, files a tax return, rents a film on video tape, and so onâ €”information that can be accessed by authorized and unauthorized persons alike—has changed the speed and ease with which much of one's personal life and activities (including the circumstances of one's very body) can be recorded and observed by others (p. 121)†. The photo journalist has the ethical responsibility to deliver the facts, not the lies. Philip Seib (Seib, 1994) observes â€Å"Political journalism matters. That's not just a reporter's ego speaking. It's a hard fact about how the political system works. Politicians' words and deeds earn few votes unless the public knows about them. Issues may seem obscure and unimportant unless news stories explain their significance. And, from another perspective, candidates can learn much about the electorate by monitoring what news organizations report, especially local media (p. 1)†. Normally, during the election season, many candidates are bound to depend on news coverage to win the discriminating residentsâ⠂¬â„¢ votes. More than 100 million Americans visit the polls during the seasonal presidential election. In addition, many bus tours and whistle-stop train trips have their quaint appeal, and, as was the case for Bill Clinton in 1992, this kind of campaigning can enter into a mutually beneficial bond with voters and set the tone for a new government candidate. However, in-person campaigning will not get a candidate in touch with the massive number of voters the political figure wants in order win the elusive senate,

Aviation History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aviation History - Essay Example Unfortunately, only the New Orleans and Chicago completed the circumnavigation. The four aircrafts official commenced the first flight around the world at Sand Point, Washington, near Seattle, Washington. Upon reaching Prince Rupert Island, Seattle, the lead aircraft flown by SSgt. Alva Harvey and Maj. Fredrick Martin developed mechanical problems making them remain behind for repairs. After repair, the Seattle tried to catch up with the other three; however, it crashed on 30 April in a dense fog near Port Moller, on the Alaska Peninsula. Chicago assumed the lead of the remaining three aircrafts with Lt. Smith and Lt. Arnold as the pilot and mechanic respectively (Head 94). During the circumnavigation, the Chicago had to land in a lagoon in the French Indochina because a broken connecting rod. The first and the fastest engine change ever in Indochina was effected in the city of Hue. On July 14, the flight arrived in Paris. From Paris, they moved to London to the north of Britain to prepare for the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. While crossing the Atlantic Ocean on 3 August 1924, the Boston was forced down, capsized and sank. The Chicago and New Orleans continued crossing the Atlantic Ocean through Canada, Greenland, and Iceland. Boston II, the original prototype, joined with the Boston’s crew in Pictou, Nova Scotia, and the three made way to Washington DC to a heroic welcome (Head 94). The three Douglas Cruisers made a multi-city tour and finally landed in Seattle on September 28, 1924. In conclusion, it is apparent that the U.S Army Air Service increased their success chances by using four Douglas World Cruisers: Boston, New Orleans, Seattle, and Chicago. In addition, they pre-positioned spare parts, caches of fuel, and other equipment along the route. The U.S Army Air Service’s round the world flight has never been duplicated by any nation flying with a single-engine, open-cockpit

Discuss the Roles of Language and Reason in History Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Roles of Language and Reason in History Essay History as the area of knowledge is virtually indivisible from language and reasoning. Language is one of the most potent means of interpreting and reporting historical information that is derived from the sources pertinent to the events and occurrences. The sources themselves, in their turn, are frequently presented by the written documents, recorded anecdotal experiences, and works of art, archeology, anthropology and photography which, yet again, are interpreted through the language in conjunction with the context of a historical event. It appears to be an endless loop, where language is the alpha and omega, the main vehicle of conveying history. However, to arrive to the valid interpretation of a certain historical event or development, historians frequently use reasoning to connect the factual data of the tangible sources since the latter ones often come in the form of fragments, related to a particular aspect of the happening. Ideally, reasoning, applied to the interpretation of historical data, should be impersonal, unaffected by predominant views and opinions and completely untainted by political agenda. Yet, it is hard to imagine that throughout the centuries those who held power would willingly allow the contemporary historians relate to the masses the adequate information on the details of their governing techniques and actions. As Winston Churchill pointed out, â€Å"History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.† Therefore, it is up to an individual to interpret the language, deduce information through applying reasoning, incorporate other areas of knowledge such as science, sociology, psychology and arrive to conclusions in attempts to comprehend historical developments in question. It is important to point out that we frequently perceive historical events as they are presented by those who hold some form of authority: the individuals whom we refer to as experts or the mass media and research bodies who are entrusted with the responsibility to convey information to masses. And here comes the essential aspect: the validity of the statements and projections made by the mentioned authorities. In other words, in search for the truthful perspective of a historical event one needs to remember about the language that is used for such interpretations, the language of power. Truth in history is a dubious concept since any event which involves certain outcomes would be interpreted by a number of experts. The outcomes of the events be it revolutions, wars, or reigns of monarchs and are usually appear in form of facts: toppling of governments, changes in ideologies and laws that societies are to adhere to, development or stagnation of the economy in a given country. These are the facts that are presented in the form of explanations, commentaries, and justifications. And here the language of power might play the crucial role in the way this information is to be perceived. To distinguish the motives behind the language that is used for presenting the event, one needs to look for other sources that interpret the same development, but from a different angle. For instance, the attack on the World Trade Center, New York City, in 2001 is vastly believed to be executed by the group of terrorists known as Al-Qaeda, and hence perceived as â€Å"the terrorist attack†. The mass media of the entire world presented the fact that over 2,700 people perished during the atrocious bombing which involved the hijacked airplanes driven into both towers which collapsed within a short period of time. However, the independent sources point at the undeniable facts that the World Trade Center towers were â€Å"designed to take the impact of the Boeing 707 hitting the building at any location† (Les Robertson, WTC Structural Engineer) and â€Å"could sustain multiple impacts of jetliners† (Frank A. Demartini, Manager of WTC Construction) and still survive (Aaron Swirsky, WTC Architect)1. Other sources, such as a scientific research conducted by Dr Steven Johns, Professor of Physics, BYU, state that the way the buildings collapsed precisely follows the scenario of a controlled demolition. Here, historical event calls for the help of reasoning, which can raise further questions to authorities that put the entire responsibility on the Al-Qaeda. The more scientific and factual evidence emerges from the research, the more controversial this event seems to be. But it is for an individual to arrive to a conclusion provided he or she is concerned with the issue. However, the prevailing opinion that was projected into the minds of the public by mass media remains adamant: the terrorist group dealt a tremendous blow to the democracy of the United States and must pay for it. Hence, there is a fully justifiable war with Iraq, the country which has a doubtful connection with Al-Qaeda, apart from the fact that it is run by a dictator and constitutes a predominantly Muslim society. But the non-Muslim world has already been contaminated by the fear of Muslims who seem to be nearly synonymous with â€Å"terrorists†. â€Å"Thus, [†¦] crowds have come,[†¦] to acquire a profound antipathy for the images evoked by certain words†2 and fully accepted the justification for the war in Iraq. Reasoning is an indispensable tool for those who wish to form a personal opinion on historical events which are presented through language. Yet this process entails searching for the information from the alternative sources. Language is used as a powerful vehicle in creating certain views among various groups of societies, and such language is frequently applied by those who are concerned with power. History is abound with examples in which governing bodies used language to impose ideology and ensure that the masses are entirely convinced in the righteousness of such propaganda: the Soviet Union, China and socialism, Germany and Nazism, the United States and democracy. However, upon a simple application of reasoning, a series of questions arise: how a nation that was claimed to be fed by pure ideology could exist for more than 75 years and build one of the most successful, self-sustaining industries and sciences that are still recognized, though grudgingly, throughout the entire capi talistic world? How could a nation develop such a potent economy that is still burgeoning while the other one is desperately trying to recover from the economic meltdown that has affected nearly the entire world? What could make a nation believe a mentally ill person3 and empower it to conquer the entire Europe? It is indubitable that the language of power and the power of language were effectively used by the leaders of those nations. However, it is reasoning that can help an independent researcher or a concerned individual in the quest of constructing a clear picture on what forces were involved in such profound changes on such vast scales. Of course, it is naà ¯ve to presume that reasoning alone might provide clarifications to the historical events under scrutiny. Reasoning in history is a second step in interpreting historical developments after pertinent to them materials were selected and carefully studied. These materials would include evidence from various fields and areas of knowledge, and the greater the scope of those areas, the more comprehensible and significant the features of events would emerge before the eyes of the researcher. Language might play the roles of obscuring the conditions and implications of historical events; yet the same language might be used in explaining the factors that led to the consequences produced by those events. However, it is the effort in applying reasoning and logic that would eventually create an unobstructed perspective on the historical developments and occurrences in question. References and works cited: 1. Joseph, Peter. 2007. Zeitgeist. Online. Accessed: Dec 21, 2010. www.zeitgeistmovie.com. 2. Le Bon, Gustave. 1841-1931. The Crowd: A study of the Popular Mind. 1841-1931. Translation: Psychologie des foules. Cherokee Publishing Company. Atlanta, Georgia. 1982. Pg. 100 3. The International Campaign for Real History. Hitler’s Last Illness. Online. Accessed: Dec 23, 2010. www.fpp.co.uk/Hitler/docs/Parkinsonism/VancouverSun170599.html

An Autobiography: Lee Iacocca Essay -- Book Reviews

1. Title: Iacocca, An Autobiography. 2. Author: Lee Iacocca with William Novak. 3. This book is an Autobiography. 4. Publisher: Bantam Books  ® 5. Copyright  © July 1986 6. Pages: 357 7. Historical Background: His name when he was born was Lido, not really Lee. He changed it when he had to go down South for a sales campaign. He thought that the Southerners would like it better if his name was Lee. It worked fairly well too. Anyway, his father was the first person to arrive in America. He arrived in 1902, at the age of 12. His father went back to his birthplace, Italy, and married Antoinette. They came back across the Atlantic. Except this time, his father, Nicola, was an American citizen. They moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania, also where Lee was born and raised. Lee (Lido, I’ll use Lee from now on though.) was born on October 15, 1924. Lee’s father was a sort of philosophical type of person. He always had an important lesson to tell his son. It usually was great advice that just about anyone and everyone could use. His father once said that ‘When times are tough, be in the food business. No matter how tough times get, people still have to eat.à ¢â‚¬â„¢ He was right. He had a hot dog food stand that stayed afloat during all of the depression. Lee was in the Allentown public schools, as a kid. He was an Italian kid in a place full of ‘Pennsylvania Dutch.’ So he was harassed by a lot of kids. He never let it get him down though. His father was always pushing him to be the best. His father was a hard worker and came from a foreign family. Back then, most parents that came from a foreign country always seemed to push their kids to do their best so they can have a better life style than their parents. Lee ended up going to Lehigh for college. He did very well for himself. Before he went to college though, he enlisted in the army. It was around World War II when he did so, of course. But because he had Rheumatic fever when he was a kid , he couldn’t go and fight. The doctors said it was gone. The army said it could come back though. So they rejected his application. He went to Lehigh instead. Ford always took the top student out of the top fifty colleges back then, for a study at Ford. They would get to work at Ford doing just about everything you could do. Lee was one of them invited. He enrolled at Princeton after that. He graduated with a degree in engi... ...no matter what. He thought that spending time with family was far more important than anything else. It’s a good thing to have values like that. He’s an honest hard working man that deserved all the good things he got. He didn’t fold when it looked hopeless at Chrysler, he did everything he could to keep the company alive, and now it’s having more success than it ever has in it’s history of existence. This is a very good book, and I recommend that everyone read this one. It’s got a lot of interesting stuff and advice in it. It also gives great insight into the auto manufacturing business. There are a lot of stereotype’s out there that say a car company tried to kill them. But really, all of the guys that make the cars are driving them themselves. They don’t purposely make bad cars, they drive them and so do their kids, and I don’t think all of them are suicidal maniacs either. I think most of them are sane people. I s ay one thing we need less of in America is blood sucking lawyers. They’re just greedy people that we could do without some of them. I learned that in order to succeed, you must not give up easily. You can’t give up on your dreams until you have put your all into it.

The Philosophy of Action in Hamlet

‘Words, words, words’: Hamlet’s philosophy of action Central to any drama is action. What distinguishes drama from other literary forms is the very fact that it is acted upon a stage, that voice is given to the words and that movement creates meaning. It is, therefore, puzzling that the most seminal dramatic work in the English language contains, arguably, precious little of what many might describe as dramatic action. Nevertheless it has moved, enthralled and, what is more, entertained generations of theatre goers across the centuries and is still regarded as one of Shakespeare’s most popular play.It has divided critics: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe regards as central to the play Hamlet’s inability to act[1] whereas T. S. Eliot reduces the work to ‘an artistic failure’. [2] If Tom Stoppard is to be believed, even the characters are at odds with this apparent lack of drama as Stoppard’s Rosencrantz asks ‘is it too much to expe ct a little sustained action?! ’[3] If then, we are to acknowledge that action is central to drama, it is important to remember that such action is usually derived from conflict.When regarding Hamlet through this basic philosophy, the play is in every way dramatic. The play is concerned with conflict. We have international conflict, familial conflict and internal conflict and it is these conflicts that drive the play. This is confirmed within the opening line ‘Who’s there? ’(I. i. 1)[4] Immediately we are plunged into the state of paranoia that envelops Elsinore, the question is confrontational and, furthermore, directs us towards the international conflict between Denmark and Norway. The drama of the play, however, is not as simple as this.For instance, we must also consider the dramatic structure of a play and apply this to Hamlet; a structure that goes from equilibrium to conflict and then on to a new equilibrium. It is impossible to relate this to the play; for who would agree that the Elsinore, at the start of Hamlet, is in a state of equilibrium? Indeed, as Stephen Ratcliffe points out, the catalyst for all action in the play does not occur within the play[5]. The murder of Hamlet’s father has already happened when Barnardo delivers that famous first line, a line which itself suggests a response to something that has happened offstage.Ratcliffe goes on to discuss that the line could almost be a response to a ‘knock knock’ joke but more seriously that it: begin[s] the play in response not only to some implicit, unspoken physical action- some motion or noise in the dark, [†¦] but to an implicit action not performed on stage – some motion of the Ghost of Hamlet’s father which Bernardo, who speaks this line, must imagine he has seen and/or heard. [6] Ratcliffe also suggests that the action not performed on stage does not happen at all.Alarmingly, he refutes Claudius’s confession of frat ricide in Act III, arguing unconvincingly that Old Hamlet’s murder had never taken place. [7] In spite of this he does raise an interesting issue that is concerned with the question as to why – when in Western literature dramatic narrative is defined by cause and effect – does Shakespeare place the primary cause off stage and beyond the gaze of his audience? We are left to imagine the dramatic possibilities of opening the play with the alarming and visually striking image of a brother’s murder.If Shakespeare’s decision to leave this exciting and sinister event in the wings confounds us, what, then, are we to make of the climax of the play? If we are to return to the classic dramatic structure of a play, we expect to see rising action leading to a climax that, in turn, leads on to the falling action culminated by the denouement. Hamlet gives us no such structure. There is no climax in the classic sense or if there is it appears in the final scene, n ot where one would expect. There is, nevertheless, one possibility that the climax may appear earlier in the play and that would be, in the traditional sense, in Act III.The murder of Polonius in Act III, scene iv might be regarded as the turning point of the play in the same way that Mercutio’s death in Romeo and Juliet is seen as such. It is at this point that we see Hamlet at a height of passion, ‘How now? A rat! Dead for a ducat, dead’ (III. iv. 23). The use of the word ‘rat’ shows Hamlet’s contempt for his supposed victim, the repetition of ‘dead’ embellishes his determination to kill, and the ducat is the small price Hamlet values the life he has just taken. The consequences of this action feed into every other event that is to happen: Claudius’s resolve to kill Hamlet, Ophelia’s eath and Laertes’s act of revenge which brings about the play’s final dynastic collapse. Once again, though, Shakespear e ‘removes’ the audience from the action, having the murder take place ‘offstage’. Polonius is murdered behind the arras and this takes us away from the immediacy of the action. There is no huge build up with a climactic duel as there is in Romeo and Juliet; we are not even given the drama of remorse that is evident in Macbeth. For these reasons, it is impossible to consider the death of Polonius to be the dramatic climax of the play, merely another cause leading on to another effect.This shortage of ‘action’, though, is illusory. A. C. Bradley comments on this when he suggests a hypothetical reaction to the play: What a sensational story! Why, here are some eight violent deaths, not to speak of adultery, a ghost, a mad woman, and a fight in a grave! [8] Hamlet does have a dramatic conclusion, of that no one is in doubt, but this has come after a series of procrastinations from the titular hero. All other action is kept firmly offstage. One mig ht hear Bradley go on to say ‘Treason, pirates, war, the storming of a castle and a regime change! The latter two were included in Branagh’s film version strongly alluding to the storming of the Iranian embassy in 1981 an event that was intensely exciting and dramatic for any that can remember it. For Shakespeare, however, such extravagant action appears to be superfluous to his play and is, therefore, not of importance. As a consequence, it would appear redundant to continue analysing what is not in the play, as Ratcliffe has done at length[9], and to focus on what Shakespeare does give us. What Shakespeare does give us is words, ‘words, words, words’(II. i. 192) and it is through these words that he provides the action. It is here where I must agree with Ratcliffe when he suggests that, in Hamlet, it is the language that is of importance and not the action. [10] It is necessary, then, to look at the power of language within the play and how Shakespeare fa cilitates it in order to sustain a dramatic structure. Firstly, as mentioned above, the catalyst for all the action in the play happens off stage but is delivered to the audience, and Hamlet, through the words of the ghost. We know that these ords are to hold significance as we have shared Horatio’s anxiety for the ghost to ‘stay and speak’ (I. i. 142). The appearance of the ghost is not enough. It is, therefore, the words that are spoken to Hamlet in conjunction with the apparition that help to creates the first piece of dramatic action in the play: Now, Hamlet, hear. ’Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me – so the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death Rankly abus’d – but know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown. [†¦]Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast, With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts- O wicked wit, and gifts that have the power So to seduce! – won to his shameful lust The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. (I. i. 34-46) What is striking about this scene is how it is dominated by the ghost and how little Hamlet actually says. If it were one of the lesser characters, it could be assumed that they were struck dumb and in awe of the presence of a spectre but, even this early in the play, we know enough about Hamlet to realise that this would not be the case for him.He mentions a few lines earlier that he is not afraid, saying ‘I do not set my life at a pin’s fee’ (I. iv. 65), so why now is he so quiet? Surely Shakespeare feels that Hamlet, like the audience, should be still with trepidation at the drama that is unfolding before them. In this short passage of the ghost’s speech we have incest, adultery, witchcraft, treachery, not to mention murder. Here we see Shakespeare using the power of words to create the action upon the stage, words that, like Ra tcliffe points out, enter through our ears as did Claudius’s poison. 11] Later on in the play we will see words used as poison, again by Claudius, when, in true Machiavellian style, he corrupts the mind of the vengeful Laertes. When discussing the power of words we must look at the play-within-a-play sequence of Act III, an aspect of the play which has been discussed at length by the critics but also one that brings into question another facet of action, that of acting. Hamlet is an extremely self-conscious play, bringing comedy into a highly dramatic moment in Act I, scene v when Hamlet asks the ghost ‘Canst work i’th’ earth so fast? (l. 170): this is an obvious comment on the crudeness of Elizabethan stagecraft. Earlier in the same scene Shakespeare has commented on the possibility of a bored audience when Hamlet comments on ‘this distracted globe’ (l. 97)[12] and, when Polonius states that when he played Caesar ‘Brutus killed me. â₠¬â„¢ (III. ii. 103) Jenkins points out that the actors playing Hamlet and Polonius were likely to have played Brutus and Caesar respectively in an earlier play and therefore are about to ‘re-enact’ the murder. 13] If we look at Hamlet’s instructions to the players: Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you, trippingly on the tongue; but if you mouth it as many of your players do, I had as lief the town-cryer spoke my lines. Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, thus but use all gently; for in the very torrent, tempest, and, as I may say, whirlwind of your passion, you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness.O, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings, who for the most part are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb-shows and noise. I would have such a fellow whipped for o’erdoing Termagant. It out-Herods Herod. Pray you avoid it. (III. ii. 1-14) Again, we have a very self-conscious speech where there seems to be an in-joke upon the acting style of the actor who plays Polonius, if not intended by Shakespeare it could certainly be performed as such.There is also the awareness of audience as well in the comments about the groundlings which is rather a brave joke which, had they been enjoying the play, would have gone down in good humour. It might also be considered that Shakespeare followed up the joke by including the dumb-show that followed! If we look closely at the instructions, however, we notice the emphasis on the words rather than the action. The opening imperative is ‘Speak the speech’ and interestingly ‘as I pronounced it’ not as I acted or showed it which seems strange to say when instructing actors.It is true that in the restricted views of an Elizabethan playhouse an audience would go to hear a play but this would not be the case in a private cou rtly performance. Also we must remember that Hamlet is only concerned with one member of the audience; someone who, one might assume, would have the best view of the play. Hamlet’s instructions are followed by references to the tongue and mouth where the words must inevitably come from and then the simile of the town cryer again placing stress on verbal communication.Hamlet requests a limit to the ‘action’, the body movement – the acting- so that it is the language that is of paramount importance. In such a self-aware moment of the nature of acting and drama in the play are we not to assume that this is coming from Shakespeare as much as Hamlet? The players’ sequence has significance because here we have on stage the mechanics of Hamlet. There is the murder of Gonzago/Hamlet acted out on stage, the betrayal of Lucianus/Claudius and the union between the Lucianus/Claudius and Queen/Gertrude.Here Shakespeare gives us what we were denied in the first a ct the event which sets the whole play in motion. Not only that but by having Lucianus as the nephew to Gonzago we are also witnessing the events that are about to happen on stage or, at least, those that we expect to happen. Interestingly enough, though, is that Shakespeare has included a dumb-show as if to appease the groundlings despite his earlier comments but it is not through watching this that Claudius reacts but rather the words of the players that follows.At the line ‘On wholesome life usurps immediately’ (III. ii. 254) Claudius can no longer remain seated for he cannot deny the words, something that has been discussed and embellished by Ratcliffe. [14] The question as to why Claudius does not react to the dumb-show can be resolved in performance by choosing to have Claudius showing signs of discomfort throughout until he can finally stand it no more as in Olivier’s film version. There is nothing in the text, however, that suggests that this is how it sh ould be performed. The king questions Hamlet, Is there no offence in’t? ’ (III. ii. 227) and in this dialogue there is nothing to suggest that he is suffering from any anxiety regardless of how this line has divided critics. [15] So once again we see that it is words that have more power, more effect and more significance than mere actions. In looking at the philosophy of action in the play one must recognise that the play is essentially a revenge play and that all action must stem from the concept of revenge. Michael Mangan defines the revenge play as a play which: harts the protagonist’s attempts to [revenge]: this may involve a period of doubt, in which the protagonist decides whether or not to go ahead with the revenge, and it may also involve some complex plotting (in both senses of the word) as the protagonist decides to take revenge in an apt or fitting way. The revenger, by deciding to take revenge, places himself outside the normal order of things, and often becomes more and more isolated as the play progresses – an isolation which at its most extreme becomes madness. [16] It would appear, from this definition, that Hamlet is, indeed, a revenge play but who is it that seeks revenge?I would argue that it is not Hamlet for, as Catherine Belsey notes, ‘[r]evenge is not justice’[17] and we are reminded throughout the play that Hamlet seeks justice. For instance, Hamlet does not act rashly for he states: Give me that man That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him In my heart’s core, ay, in my heart of heart (III. ii. 71-73) This might suggest that Hamlet holds reason close to his heart. Here we see that contrary to popular belief Hamlet is not a man that is ruled by passion but that is not to say that he is not passionate.If Hamlet were ruled by passion he would not have devised such an elaborate ploy to confirm the guilt of the king but would have acted straight away. Gone would be the procrasti nations and Hamlet could have roused up the populace as easily as Laertes does in Act IV, as Bradley points out[18], and Claudius would have been dead by Act II. Many critics that have argued this case seem to suggest that Shakespeare’s reason for prolonging the action was to fill out the five act structure of the play. [19] We are given three possible revenge heroes in the play: Hamlet we can discount, Fortinbras and Laertes.Shakespeare has provided these two characters to put Hamlet’s inability to act into stark contrast. Through Fortinbras we see the noble prince revenging the death of his father through careful planning and sharp resolve and in Laertes we see a rash young man whose desperate bid for revenge only quickens his own demise. It is important to note that even with the careful planning Fortinbras still shares Hamlet’s prolonging of the act when we consider that Denmark’s defeat of Norway was at the time of Hamlet’s birth some thirty y ears previous.Hamlet, however, does not seek revenge. He could have easily been able to exact it when he says ‘Now might I do it pat’ (III. iii. 73). The semantics of the word ‘might’ suggest that he has no intention of committing the murder. ‘Will’ or ‘must’ would imply a more decisive move yet Shakespeare gives us a Hamlet who is questioning his actions. His decision to spare Claudius whilst at prayer further indicates that it is justice and not revenge that Hamlet desires.Claudius points out to Laertes that ‘No place indeed should murder sancturise’ but Hamlet delays his action because he wants justice – a death for a death- like for like. Significantly, Hamlet is a revenger who is unable to act as Calhoun states he is unable to ‘play the role’,[20] or to use Ted Hughes’s metaphor: Like the driver of a bus containing all the characters of the drama, he hurtles towards destruction, in slow motion, with his foot jammed down hard on the brakes. [21] Having established the substance and value of words in Hamlet it is necessary to return to the question of dramatic climax in the play.It has always been recognised that it is a dramatic impossibility to act Hamlet on the stage in its entirety and it is not unknown for students of the text to skip through sections when reading but one thing always remains and that is the soliloquies. Within the play we have the most beautiful speeches composed in the English language and it is one of these that, I believe, forms the climax of the play. The climax of language that we are given in the play does follow the classic dramatic structure coming in Act III and at the risk of sounding cliched I would suggest that it is the ‘To be or not to be’ speech.It is in this soliloquy that we have the nub of the play rests and that is Hamlet’s internal conflict on how he should act. It has long been considered to be the musin gs of a troubled mind contemplating suicide and whilst no one will argue that Hamlet’s is not a troubled mind is he really deliberating the end of his own life? I would argue no. Shakespeare has already given us such ruminations earlier in the play with ‘o that this too too sullied flesh would melt’ (I. ii. 129) and I find it difficult to accept that a dramatist of Shakespeare’s calibre would not have developed his main character by the third act.In fact, I would argue that after confronting the ghost and hearing the charge against Claudius, Hamlet has been given new meaning to his life and that all thoughts of suicide have faded. ‘To be or not to be’ should read as ‘To do or not to do’ or ‘To act or not to act’ for it is in this speech that we witness Hamlet’s thoughts on whether to proceed with the killing of Claudius. Not once in the speech is there an ‘I’, nowhere does Hamlet refer to himself. His examples of the ‘whips and scorns of time’ (III. i. 70) save one do not seem to be justifications for taking one’s own life:Th’oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely, The pangs of dispriz’d love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of th’unworthy takes (III. i. 71-74) Apart from unrequited love, for which many have taken their life, these seem to be the wrongs that are urging Hamlet to seek justice against Claudius. I might take this further and suggest a reading of the soliloquy where Hamlet knows that Claudius is eavesdropping, something that seemed to me implicit in Brannagh’s film. Through this reading we can see that Hamlet is acting a role for us as an audience but specifically for Claudius and Polonius.He is diverting attention from his true thoughts of murder whilst also confirming his ‘antic disposition’ (I. v. 180). In addition to this it explains why he apparently forgets the ghost of his father as he claims ‘No traveller returns’ (III. i. 80) as it would not be practical to reveal the truth at this stage. Also, the speech concludes that it is conscience that prevents him and the fear of the unknown when prior to this he has stated that it was because that God has ‘fix’d / His canon ’gainst self-slaughter’ (I. ii. 131-132).Arguably, this could be a variation of the same rationale yet there is a distinct change in tone which suggests a difference in attitude. Therefore, it is within this soliloquy where Hamlet reaches his decision which he reveals to Ophelia (and Claudius) when he says that ‘all but one – shall live’ (III. i. 150). One might argue that the opening line of this speech, ‘To be or not to be’ (III. i. 56), uncontrovertibly suggests that Hamlet is, indeed, reflecting on suicide but, once again, this is another self-conscious reflection upon the nature of drama.For Hamlet, the character in the play Hamlet, must act in order to ‘be’ and as a revenge hero, that act is the murder of Claudius. While Claudius is alive, Hamlet’s mind and soul are troubled and only through the act of revenge with ‘a bare bodkin’ can he bring about his ‘quietus’ (III. i. 75-6). Words, therefore, are the focus of this play. It is Shakespeare’s longest and in it we are given a character who ‘â€Å"comes alive† only in language’[22], it is through words that the dramatic action, except the final scene, takes place upon the stage.In terms of drama, the play is at odds with its form in that the driving action of the plot precedes the start of the play. We are given a revenge hero who is unable to live up to that title and only seems to spring into what one might call action when he has been hit by Laertes poisoned rapier and he knows that he is about to die, something which he poin ts out twice in the scene. Indeed, in performance, the final scene can be played as equally low-key as it can be played dramatic. In a self-conscious play such as this it seems clear that Shakespeare understands the power of words.To a dramatist, all action that can be created on a stage is a representation – one that is created through words. Crucially it is through language that the world of Elsinore is created and all those that exist within it exist through the words that they speak. It is, therefore fitting that Hamlet’s dying words are ‘the rest is silence’ (V. ii. 363) for he knows that without language he is nothing. Through Hamlet Shakespeare gives us a world where action is secondary to language because, in drama, one creates the other. 3967 words (exc. footnotes) 4338 words (inc. footnotes) Bibliography Primary SourcesShakespeare, William, Hamlet, ed. Harold Jenkins, The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd series (London and New York: Routledge, 1994) Stoppa rd, Tom, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (London: Faber & Faber, 1967) von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, ed. and trans. Eric A. Blackall (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) Secondary Sources Belsey, Catherine, ‘Revenge in Hamlet’, in Hamlet: Contemporary Critical Essays, ed. Martin Coyle (London: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 154-159. Bloom, Harold, Hamlet: Poem Unlimited, (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2003) Bradley, A. C. , Shakespearean Tragedy, 3rd edn. London: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 84-166. Calhoun, Jean S. , ‘Hamlet and the Circumference of Action’, Renaissance News, Vol. 15, No. 4. (Winter, 1962), 281-298. Dickson, Andrew, The Rough Guide to Shakespeare, (London: Rough Guides, 2005) Eliot, T. S. , ‘Hamlet’ in Selected Essays (London: Faber & Faber, 1951), p. 141-146. Fernie, Ewan, ‘Terrible Action: Recent Criticism and Questions of Agency’, Shakespeare, Vol. 2, No. 1 (June, 2006), 95-11 8. Hughes, Ted, Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being (London: Faber & Faber, 1992), pp. 233-239. Jump, John D. , (ed. ) Hamlet: A Selection of Critical Essays (London: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 2-32. Kettle, Arnold, ‘From Hamlet to Lear’, in Shakespeare in a Changing World, ed. Arnold Kettle (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1964), pp. 146-159. Mangan, Michael, A Preface to Shakespeare’s Tragedies (London and New York: Longman, 1991) Ratcliffe, Stephen ‘What Doesn’t Happen in Hamlet: The Ghost’s Speech’, Modern Language Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3/4. (Autumn, 1998), 125-150. ——————–, ‘‘Who’s There? ’: Elsinore and Everywhere’, Modern Language Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2. (Autumn, 1999), 153-173. ———————– [1] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, ed. and trans.Eric A. Blackall (P rinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 146. [2] T. S. Eliot, ‘Hamlet’ in Selected Essays (London: Faber & Faber, 1951), p. 143. [3] Tom Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (London: Faber & Faber, 1967), p. 86. [4] William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed. Harold Jenkins, The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd series (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), subsequent references are to this edition. [5] Stephan Ratcliffe, ‘What Doesn’t Happen in Hamlet: The Ghost’s Speech’, Modern Language Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3/4. (Autumn, 1998), pp. 125-150. [6] ——————–, ‘‘Who’s There? : Elsinore and Everywhere’, Modern Language Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2. (Autumn, 1999), p. 153. [7] Ratcliffe, ‘What Doesn’t Happen in Hamlet: The Ghost’s Speech’, pp. 135-139. [8] A. C. Bradley, Shakespearean Tragedy, 3rd edn. (London: Macmillan, 1992), Lecture III, p. 93. [9 ] Ratcliffe, ‘What Doesn’t Happen in Hamlet: The Ghost’s Speech’ pp. 125-150 [10] Ibid. , p. 129. [11] Ibid. p. 131 [12] Having opened my Christmas presents and receiving Bloom’s Poem Unlimited after I had written this essay, I feel obliged to cite him for what I assumed to be an acute and original observation.If only Father Christmas hadn’t been so efficient, I could have at least pleaded ignorance! Harold Bloom, Hamlet: Poem Unlimited (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2003), p. 10 [13] Jenkins (ed. ), Hamlet, p. 294 [14] Ratcliffe, ‘What Doesn’t Happen in Hamlet: The Ghost’s Speech’, pp. 131-132. [15] Jenkins explains how the line has been used to show Claudius’s calm attitude to the play and to prove his unease in Jenkins (ed. ), Hamlet, p. 301. [16] Michael Mangan, A Preface to Shakespeare’s Tragedies (London and New York: Longman, 1991), p. 67. [17] Catherine Belsey, ‘Revenge in Hamlet’, in Haml et: Contemporary Critical Essays, ed.Martin Coyle (London: Macmillan, 1992), p. 154. [18] Bradley, Shakespearean Tragedy, p. 98. [19] Notably the anonymous critic in ‘Extracts from Earlier Critics, 1710-1945’ in Hamlet: A Selection of Critical Essays, ed. John D. Jump (London: Macmillan, 1968), p. 22. [20] Jean S. Calhoun, ‘Hamlet and the Circumference of Action’, Renaissance News, Vol. 15, No. 4. (Winter, 1962), p. 288. [21] Ted Hughes, Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being (London: Faber & Faber, 1992), p. 236. [22] Ewan Fernie, ‘Terrible Action: Recent Criticism and Questions of Agency’, Shakespeare, Vol. 2, No. 1 (June, 2006), p. 96.